This article was updated in October 2025.
Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein in 1818 when she was just 18 years old. In doing so, she not only created a gothic masterpiece that continues to influence and inspire literature but also broke barriers as a woman writer, pioneered science fiction, and created a cautionary tale that is relevant for AI, STEM, and tech researchers today.
In light of the new Frankenstein film directed by Guillermo del Toro, I spoke with Endicott College professor Charlotte Gordon about how to teach about Frankenstein while exploring discrimination, scientific ethics, and more. Gordon is the author of Romantic Outlaws: The Extraordinary Lives of Mary Wollstonecraft and Mary Shelley, which won the National Book Critics Circle award in 2016. She also wrote Mary Shelley: A Very Short Introduction, which was published in 2022.
Gordon, who I initially interviewed in 2022, has not yet seen the film, which debuts in a limited theatrical release on October 17, 2025, and will be available on Netflix on November 7. However, she agrees the new film provides a good opportunity for teachers to discuss Frankenstein in the classroom.
Gordon says there has not yet been a great film version of Frankenstein in part because it's easy to make the creature at the story’s heart scary and a villain on film.
“I would be interested to see how sympathetically the creature is presented,” Gordon says of this new version. “I think we really are kind of supposed to be 'Team Creature.' I think Mary was, for sure.”
She adds, “I really do think the moral of the story is we make our own monsters. And the creature wasn't a monster until people treated him badly.”
To capture the nuances of Shelley’s classic tale, Gordon suggests the following approach.
Explore The Obstacles Shelley Overcame to Write Frankenstein
To understand Shelley, students need to understand the intense discrimination she faced as a woman author and the tremendously important role her mother played in her life, says Gordon. “She was the daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft, who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman,” Gordon says.
Mary Wollstonecraft died 10 days after little Mary was born, however, the young girl still had a deep connection with her mother thanks to her father, William Godwin, a journalist and novelist.
“After her mother died, her dad encouraged her to read all of her mother's scandalous books. Her mother, in her own lifetime, was called ‘a hyena in petticoats,’” Gordon says. “To be a woman during that time period, especially an ambitious and smart woman, was very difficult. The moment you got married in the 18th century, you surrendered all of your property to your husband. You could not own land. You could not have your own money. Obviously, you couldn't vote. There was no such thing as domestic abuse or marital rape.”
Shelley famously wrote Frankenstein in response to a ghost story challenge issued among a group of friends. Despite the book’s ultimate monumental success, it was first criticized because it was authored by a woman. “To write this kind of book was considered monstrous by the English public,” Gordon says. “So it led to her sort of further social exile. One critic said, ‘What kind of woman would write such a monstrous tale, there must be something diseased about her.’”
Understand the Importance of Women in Frankenstein
At first glance, the importance of women in Frankenstein might not be apparent, but it’s there if you examine the text critically, Gordon says. “When she writes the book, she is of course interested in science, but she's primarily interested in things like motherhood, death, and childbirth,” Gordon says. “The book is famous for being the first work of science fiction, and it is, but it's so revolutionary because it's a dystopian worldview that depicts how terrible the world is when you strip movement of agency.”
Several versions of Frankenstein exist, most notably the 1818 first edition and a revised 1831 edition. While the second edition is what has been traditionally taught in schools, Gordon recommends educators use the first edition. This is in part so she can remind her freshman college students that Shelley was their age when she wrote the book, but also because some themes she likes to discuss are particularly pronounced.
“If you think about Frankenstein, in all three editions, but especially edition one and edition two, one of the key points is how all of the women die, how all of the women are weak, and how it's really unchecked male ambition that creates murder, chaos, and havoc,” Gordon says. “The only voice of reason is the female voice of reason that’s offstage, it’s the sister of the explorer, who does manage to stop her brother from killing all the people on his ship and gets him to turn back.”
This theme, though subtle, in Frankenstein would become more apparent in Shelley’s later writings. “By the end of her writing life, the women are basically the heroes of the stories who stop the men from doing dumb and self-destructive things, and urge them to live in peace and harmony, reading books and being philosophers,” Gordon says.
For educators looking to explore later works from Shelley, Gordon recommends The Last Man, which is set in our current century and is about a pandemic.
Explore Lessons From Frankenstein For Science Ethics and Morality Overall
In 2017, Gordon wrote a piece for Slate in which she shared lessons from Mary Shelley’s writing for AI researchers. Examining these lessons in class can be an effective way to discuss Frankenstein.
“When you invent something, you have to stay with it and educate it and work with it,” Gordon says. “You don't just invent something and spring it on to society, you have to stay and do tech backup.”
Inventors should also prepare the world for their work. “‘World, I've created a Tesla, be ready. Here's what's cool about a Tesla, here's how you should engage with it,’” Gordon says. “All this is what Frankenstein didn't do. He doesn't help his invention. He doesn't prepare the world for the invention, so the creature becomes a source of terror. And then ultimately, Frankenstein doesn't take responsibility for his own invention.”
Students can explore past creations that were released into the world without proper preparation, including potentially harmful social media algorithms. They might also discuss the ethical implications of research currently underway, whether that be self-driving cars or computers as complex as the human brain.
Beyond the implications of the work for modern science, educators can also have their students explore the discrimination the creature faced.
“When you meet the creature, the creature is actually so sweet at first,” Gordon says. “The creature wants to read. The creature wants to have relationships, that creature is so heartbroken that his father has run away from him. So it also becomes a kind of tale about how do we parent? How do we nurture?”
Bring Frankenstein Into The Age of AI
Frankenstein feels particularly relevant in our modern AI age, but Gordon says it's a common mistake to read it as anti-science or even a science book of any kind.
“Really, it's about him [Dr. Frankenstein] choosing not to be in a relationship with the people he loves and the harm he does because of that,” Gordon says.
Gordon herself recently agreed to hours of interview so an AI chatbot version of her could be created to interact with people and answer questions as they read Frankenstein. While some have been unnerved by the technology, Gordon loves it. Even so, she does believe Frankenstein offers some cautionary lessons for AI developers and other scientists.
“I think this book is such a great tale about what's important in life,” she says. “Is Frankenstein happy that he made this discovery? Why doesn't he include the people he loves? How could things have been different? What if he had chosen to love his creation? The whole world would have been different.”
